Obesity Is The Highest Percentage Of Obesity Among All...

America has the highest percentage of obesity among all countries. This is not very surprising given that fast food restaurants can be found on nearly every block. These unhealthy foods are far less expensive and more convenient for many people. Though less people are paying less money for their food, the outcome is not worth it. According to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, it is predicted that the annual amount of money spent on obesity will hit $580 billion by 2030 if obesity continues to increase at this pace. The solution is to bring weekly farmers markets to low income areas. The products will be sold for the same price as the products sold at fast food restaurants. This solution would provide adequate nutrition to the families, and eventually decrease the amount of money spent on the obesity epidemic in the United States. The farmers market will also provide job opportunities for those who need to make some money. It will keep a stable source of nutritious foods each week and demonstrate a healthy way of life that children and adolescents will carry with them for the rest of their lives. It is very important that the bad habits of poor nutrition are stopped at an early age to limit one’s health problems. America is known for watching baseball games and eating hot dogs, absurd fried foods, and massive hamburgers that should be a serving for five, but is somehow acceptable as a serving for one. A list of the top eight unhealthiest foods in the world are all locatedShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Technology On The Obesity844 Words   |  4 Pagesquickest way to the information around us in all its types. However, new technology has also a side effect on us, and one of those side effects is the obesity that causes from the new tech. In the report â€Å"Waistlines of the World† shows the effectiveness of the technology on the obesity in the period 1988-2009 for 27 OECD countries. 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Underground Development Free Essays

The potential for urban underground development remains mostly unexploited and underestimated in urban areas. Several reasons account to this, including a lack of knowledge of the urban underground. Additionally, multiple uses of the underground are still out of the practice. We will write a custom essay sample on Underground Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since underground infrastructures have no surface expression, the underground lacks opportunities for building architecture, and consequently it suffers from a poor public perception; most people do not like to go underground. The result of this poor perception of the underground by public and professionals is that it remains mostly dedicated to utilities such as transportation, underground car parks or for storage. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS The subterranean environment is often perceived as a site of unforeseen threat, secrecy, and risk. The vision of solid ground beneath our feet is thought of an inter-tangled network of cavernous tubes, abandoned subway tunnels, graves, and infrastructural cavities that fills us with ambivalence and fear. One of the important potential hindering factors for underground space utilization is psychological aspects, and generally negative perception of these spaces. Many realized underground projects, namely subways, resulted in poor satisfaction of these psychological aspects Many of the problems associated with living in underground habitats are not only technological ones, but rather are related to the degree of social acceptance of the concept and to the individual’s perception of the underground space. Some of the issues facing humans above ground can be extrapolated and expected to have an impact, albeit to a higher degree of severity, while living underground. To name a few, claustrophobia, light sensitivity, general fatigue, eye fatigue, disturbance of circadian rhythms, insomnia, headaches, etc. These are just some of the potential ailments and stressors for which very little is known due to lack of experimental or real data. Functional aspects are the functional requirements for an underground, internal connections of the spaces and efficiency of movement. Psychological aspects are all aspects that are related to the user’s experience of a space beginning with public safety on one side and comfort on the other side. In this sense, one can talk about soft building qualities. Structural aspects include the overall quality of the construction including its flexibility and possibility to change. In other words, the main technical requirement of a structure is sustainability. A sustainable structure is a construction that allows greater spatial flexibility over a longer period of time and its infill is recyclable and reusable in the long run. For example, having an infill separable from the support structure increases the spatial flexibility by providing an option to place different functions. How to cite Underground Development, Papers

Public Health Policy on Childhood Obesity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Public Health Policy on Childhood Obesity. Answer: Public Health Policy on Childhood Obesity Obesity is a condition where fat has accumulated in excess in the body to the extent where it may have adverse effects on health. The National Institute of Health defines obesity more precisely as a Body Mass Index of 30 and above. Childhood obesity is accumulation of excess fat primarily in children. In the contemporary society, the number of cases of childhood obesity have risen to epidemic levees both in developed and developing countries (Abel, 2016). This is a matter of key concern since in childhood is known to have impact both psychological and physical wellbeing. According to Sun, Mensah, Azzopardi, Patton and Wake (2017), obesity in childhood is likely to persist in to adulthood and is known to increase the risk for non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases at a younger age. There are several factors that contribute to obesity. These include the environment one lives in, lifestyle preferences and even culture. Generally, excess intake of fat and/ or sugar is implicated in development of obesity. Extensive research suggests that a combination of the mentioned factors (excess caloric and fat intake) combined with decreased physical activity are the major contributors to obesity (Baum, 2016). In addition to affecting the physical and psychological wellbeing, childhood obesity could have profound effects on a childs social life, self-esteem and poor academic performance. This essay is going to discuss a health policy on childhood obesity, provide a brief description of the same, explain why the policy is important in health and outline the measures to be taken to enforce it. Description of the Policy The aim of the policy of the policy will be to reduce the number of childhood obesity cases given their potential detrimental effects to health. The policy contains three distinct measures whose implementation would see a decline in the cases of obesity in childhood. The three are explained next. First, is imposing an excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. The nutrient composition of sugar is almost 100% simple carbohydrates. Nutrition experts refer to such a food as containing empty calories, that is, their major contribution in the body is calories. Research has demonstrated that nutrient dense rather than energy dense foods contribute to healthier individuals. On the contrary, energy dense foods such as sugar sweetened beverages are known to be risk factors for obesity. Imposing an excise duty on these beverages would mean that their price will rise. Consequently, the purchasing power of consumers will be lower. The result is fewer purchases. Lower consumption would lead to reduced risk for developing obesity. There would also be a higher likelihood of consuming zero-calorie beverages which do not have significant caloric content as pose health risk. The second component of the policy is a ban on fast food television advertising targeting children. Most fast foods are energy dense. They contribute high caloric intake. The knowledge a person has about a certain product influences their attitude about it. Attitudes on the other hand influences practice. Advertisement on fast food is usually presented as attractive enticing to attract attention. Most children fall prey of the adverts contributing to purchase (Laws et al, 2015). When a ban is imposed on such adverts, children will no longer be exposed to them and potentially reduces purchase and consumption of fast foods. This is because, they will have little knowledge of such foods. Thirdly, the policy should require settings where children are mostly found to provide healthy foods and have an environment that promotes physical activity. These settings include schools, childrens sport facilities and child-care settings. A standard could be set for such settings to ensure that this is maintained. When the environment promotes a healthy diet and physical activity, the incidence of obesity lowers. Importance of the Policy to Health Obesity in childhood is one of the greatest t public health challenges faced in the 21st century. It is a global concern affecting children in all regions of the world especially the low and middle-income countries. The most affected areas are the urban settings. The prevalence of childhood obesity has risen at an alarming rate over the years. According to Ludwig (2018), over 41 million children below the age of five were obese in the year 2016. About half of these lived in Asia while one quarter lived in Africa. There are several factors that contribute to obesity and are generally categorized in to three. These are genetic factors, lack of physical activity and unhealthy eating patterns. This policy comes in handy to reduce the incidence of childhood obesity. This move can impact the health children positively in several ways. Several of these benefits are going be discussed next. First, is reduction in the number of childhood onset non-communicable diseases. Childhood obesity has been implicated in development of chronic illnesses among children (Shanahan et al, 2015). These diseases include type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some types of cancers. These diseases were traditionally known to affect adults but conditions such as obesity make them prevalent among children. When a child develops a chronic disease, chances are that the disease will persist to adulthood. The cost of managing the conditions can be high and most of a households oncome could be channelled to medical bills. To make the matters worse, this will happen for a lifetime. This policy potentially prevents such cases. It contributes to ensuring a healthy child and consequently a healthy adult via prevention of the non-communicable diseases. Secondly, is improved self-image and quality of life. Children with obesity usually have a low self-esteem and do not like how they look. An impaired self esteem significantly affects the quality of life. The child is likely to feel inferior to others and of little worth. This may result in isolation, and in some cases depression. This is double tragedy since in addition to having the obesity, the child has another psychological problem. According to Duckett and Willcox (2015), the society also tends to criticize obese people and treat obesity as personal choice. The general population assumes that obesity is a result of negligence or failure to eat healthy foods and physical exercise. The environment is full of criticism which may make a child feel like they dont belong to it. This further aggravates the psychological problem the child is undergoing. In some cases, especially near adolescent, the child may suffer from eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa (Cyr il, Polonsky, Green, Agho, and Renzaho, 2017). This further pose health problems. The policy again comes I handy to prevent obesity and in extension reducing the cases of the above mentioned psychological problems. The third potential health benefit is achievement of an increase in healthy eating patterns and improved physical activity. The body utilizes the nutrients from the food we eat for provision of energy, growth and repair and other important bodily functions. When the diet is healthy and contributes all the necessary nutrients, the body maintains optimum functioning (Huang et al, 2015). The policy further ensures that a standard will be set to ensure that the dietary needs of the children are put in to consideration. Children have their own unique needs. In addition to promoting intake of healthy foods, the policy also ensures physical activity. Physical activity and fitness has numerous health advantages to a child. For instance, it is associated with a lower risk to non-communicable disease, improved immunity and improved performance in class. The fourth way in which the policy is important to health is through protecting the child from manipulation by food processing companies whose main motive is profit with little interest in health implications. Most food industries make foods that will be appealing to the customers to make more sales (Jenson and Fraser, 2015). For a food to be appealing it should stimulate the appetite of the consumer. Sugar and fat are some of the most ingredients that improve the palatability of a food leading to stimulation of appetite. These foods (mostly fast food) are also ready to eat and therefore the easier alternative when hungry. The manufacturers have also mastered the art of how to entice children to take these foods via massive investment in advertising. The advertisement usually represents the food as very appealing and attractive capturing childrens attention. The result is that children will demand the food. Unknowing parents may buy their children these foods out of love and care. Li ttle do they know that continued consumption has negative health consequences in the long run. To prevent deterioration of health via consumption of fast foods (are not nutrient dense), the policy seeks to ban advertisement of such food particularly those that target children. The fifth and final way through which the policy contributes to healthier individuals is via reduced intake of sugar sweetened beverages. Such beverages have very high caloric content. Since they are sweet, a child will be tempted to drink more. Most manufacturers also contribute to excessive consumption by making larger quantities of the drink cheaper. As Sabin and Kiess (2015) observes, consumption of high number of calories lead to accumulation of fat in the childs body which eventually may cause obesity. The policy comes in handy to prevent such cases. Imposing an excise tax on these beverages will reduce the purchasing power of consumers and potentially lead to lower consumption. There is also a likelihood to turn to zero calorie drinks which also sweet but do not significantly contribute to calories. In the long run, this move will see healthy children who will develop to healthy adults. Implementation of the Policy The main aim of the policy is to achieve reduction in the incidence of childhood obesity. Consequently, children become healthier. It is said that if a policy or law remains written on paper and nothing is done to enforce it, then the law is useless. It is analogous to using a toothless dog for security and expecting maximum protection. It is paradoxical. Therefore, for the aim of the policy to be achieved, it must be enforced. The next few paragraphs discuss some of the ways through which this policy can be enforced. One is making legislation requiring taxation of sugar sweetened beverages. The principal target of such legislation should be discouraging the use of sugar. Health impacts of excessive sugar consumption have been explained above hence the need for such a law. The legislation could further make things better by also imposing tax on any amount of added sugar in food. For instance, a tax of 25% of the price could be imposed on the total amount of sugar added to the beverage or any food. The goal would be to discourage use of excess sugar in food products. Such a move would leave the manufactures with no choice but either increase the prices or reduce the amount of sugar used in the products. Either of these would lead to decreased consumption of sugar, which is an advantage when it comes to health. The legislation can also include taxation on food ingredients that contribute to obesity such as saturated fat. To promote consumption of healthy foods, the legislation can offer incentives o n healthy foods. This way, obesity could be potentially eradicated in the long run. The second method educating both children and their care givers on the importance of healthy lifestyles and the implications of childhood obesity. Most children and parents/caregivers are unaware of the implications that the lifestyle they lead have on their health (Brownell and Walsh, 2017). When information is provided to them via education, they become empowered and could adopt healthier lifestyles. Offering such education could be done through various means. Some of these means are going to be discussed next. One is through the television. This is a great avenue to reach children and their caregivers since it has a wide coverage. Measures should be put in place to ensure that only information that is factual is provided via such media. The tragedy is that most of such media propagate nutrition information as a mixture of truths, half truths and gossip. When measures are put in place to ensure that only scientifically sound information is provided, a paradigm shift could be attain ed in terms of improved dietary and health behaviour. The result is healthie children and reduced cases of childhood obesity. The other media platforms that such information can be provided is the print and electronic media. Using a variety of media ensures wide coverage. Another way to ensure this policy is making it mandatory that children be taught about the causes, consequences and strategies to prevent childhood obesity in schools. When a child is taught about the negative health consequences, they are likely to make better food and lifestyle choices from childhood and all the way into their adulthood (Hayes, Chevalier, D'Souza, Baur, Wen and Simpson, 2016). The teaching should ensure that children understand that obesity in childhood could persist to adulthood and provide prevention strategies. Including these studies in their curriculum would make them equipped to make better and healthier lifestyle choices. Consequently, the cases of childhood obesity decline. The last measure to be discussed will be making legislation requiring that systems where children are mostly found provide healthy foods. These systems include schools and childrens sports facilities. In addition to ensuring that healthy foods are offered, the legislation should require that such environments favour physical activity. Such legislation could set a standard indicating the class of nutrients that foods offered must provide. The legislation could also set the minimum sporting and gaming activities a school should support for it to be licenced. For instance, it could be required that each school possess a playground to ensure physical fitness of students. When the measures mentioned above are put in to place, the affected parties have no choice but to comply with the legislation. The result is healthier eating habits, increased levels of physical activity and reduced incidence of childhood obesity. Conclusion In conclusion, there has been a great rise in the cases of childhood obesity in the last few years. Obesity is accumulation of excess fat in the body and has been implicated in several health problems. Childhood obesity increases the risk for developing non-communicable diseases such as diabetes type 2. In addition, it could deteriorate the psychological and social wellbeing of a child. The main causative factors of obesity are divided into 3. These are genetic, environmental and food related factors. The cases of childhood of obesity reached over 41 million in the year 2016 and the number is projected to increase. For this reason, it is an issue of great public health concern. A policy could be put in to place to ensure that the cases decline and achieve healthier children. This policy should require a tax be imposed on sugar added beverages to discourage their consumption; impose a ban on all television advertisement relating to fast foods and targeting children and require that he althy foods be provided in systems where children are mostly found. In addition, such systems which include schools should have environments that encourage physical activity. To implement this policy, a few measures could be put in place. These include: making legislation requiring taxation on sugar added to beverages or even other foods; carrying out education campaigns via the various media platforms such as electronic and print media; introducing teaching of causes, consequences and prevention of obesity to children in schools and making legislation requiring institutions where children are found to provide healthy foods. References Abel-Smith, B. (2016).An introduction to health: policy, planning and financing. Routledge. GThe new public health(No. Ed. 4). Oxford University Press. Brownell, K. D., Walsh, B. T. (Eds.). (2017).Eating disorders and obesity: A comprehensive handbook. Guilford Publications. Cyril, S., Polonsky, M., Green, J., Agho, K., Renzaho, A. (2017). Readiness of communities to engage with childhood obesity prevention initiatives in disadvantaged areas of Victoria, Australia.Australian Health Review,41(3), 297-307. Duckett, S., Willcox, S. (2015).The Australian health care system(No. Ed. 5). Oxford University Press. Hayes, A., Chevalier, A., D'Souza, M., Baur, L., Wen, L. M., Simpson, J. (2016). Early childhood obesity: Association with healthcare expenditure in Australia.Obesity,24(8), 1752-1758. Huang, T. T., Cawley, J. H., Ashe, M., Costa, S. A., Frerichs, L. M., Zwicker, L., ... Kumanyika, S. K. (2015). Mobilisation of public support for policy actions to prevent obesity.The Lancet,385(9985), 2422-2431. Jenson, J. M., Fraser, M. W. (Eds.). (2015).Social policy for children and families: A risk and resilience perspective. Sage Publications. Laws, R., Campbell, K. J., Pligt, P., Ball, K., Lynch, J., Russell, G., ... Denney-Wilson, E. (2015). Obesity prevention in early life: an opportunity to better support the role of Maternal and Child Health Nurses in Australia.BMC nursing,14(1), 26. Ludwig, D. S. (2018). Epidemic childhood obesity: Not yet the end of the beginning.Pediatrics, e20174078. Sabin, M. A., Kiess, W. (2015). Childhood obesity: current and novel approaches.Best practice research Clinical endocrinology metabolism,29(3), 327-338. Shanahan, D. F., Lin, B. B., Bush, R., Gaston, K. J., Dean, J. H., Barber, E., Fuller, R. A. (2015). Toward improved public health outcomes from urban nature.American Journal of Public Health,105(3), 470-477. Sun, Y., Mensah, F. K., Azzopardi, P., Patton, G. C., Wake, M. (2017). Childhood social disadvantage and pubertal timing: a national birth cohort from Australia.Pediatrics, e20164099.