Study: Negative Effects of Energy Drinks

Study: Negative Effects of Energy Drinks The World of Energy Drinks Introduction: Energy drinks are defined as â€Å"soft drink[s] containing a high percentage of sugar, caffeine, or†¦ [other] stimulant[s]† (Oxford Dictionaries, 2014). The popularity and consumption of energy drinks in today’s world is immensely widespread, especially among athletes and athletic institutions. Albeit this new category of beverages is somewhat novel, it has become a central and imperative weapon for those in need of a boost in their performance (Aufiero, 2014). Energy drinks –for the first time in history –have almost become the fuel of choice when engaging in physically demanding tasks; this is most likely due to its high-sugar content (Breda et al., 2014). Additionally, the deliciously empowering world of energy drinks has managed to influence a staggering 68% of adolescents –i.e. age ten to eighteen –in the European Union alone (Breda et al., 2014). History: The first energy drink was crafted in the year 1962 by Taisho Pharmaceuticals –a Japanese pharmaceutical company established in Tokyo (Engber, 2014). According to Engber (2014), this particular energy drink was called Lipovitan D. At its inception, Lipovitan D was sold as an energizing tonic, and, it was labelled as especially caffeinated and vitamin fortified (Engber, 2014). Lipovitan D was initially targeted to and consumed by executives in Japan that fought to appropriate success (Engber, 2014). By the 1980’s, the energy drink market had already attained global notoriety. Although Lipovitan D did not dominate the international markets, it was the first beverage to be solely and specifically classified as an energy drink (Engber, 2014). The next major brand of energy drinks to dominate the market was known as Red Bull (Preceden, 2014). Created in 1987 by Dietrich Mateschitz –an Austrian Businessman, Red Bull was introduced to the United States of America in 199 7 (Engber, 2014; Green and Keegan, 2013:175). Red Bull would be the catalyst to immensely expand the energy drink market. According to â€Å"Gary Hemphill, director of research for the Beverage Marketing Corporation,† ‘the energy drink market attained â€Å"$11 billion in retail sales’† alone (Engber, 2014). Current Viewpoints: Energy drinks today are the epitome of popularity. They can be found at any major shopping outlet with varying flavours and sizes. In contemporary media, celebrities, advertisements and television personalities are enlisted to help boost the notoriety and sales of energy drinks. Furthermore, energy beverages are frequently associated with maximum performance in numerous sports today. As of 2012, the energy drink market was worth an astounding $37 billion (Zenith International, 2012). In today’s market, the energy drink is still predicted to â€Å"grow at a CAGR [Compound Annual Growth Rate] of 13.38 percent over the period 2013-2018† (Infiniti Research Limited, 2014). The bravado and intense ferocity of the energy drink market shows no sign of declining in the near future. According to (Transparency Market Research, 2014), the unimpeded and fertile growth of energy beverage in the global market is due to the increasing growth and consumption of energy drinks by numerous age groups. This immense growth has also been supported by the notion that they are better than other carbonated, sugary drinks that are almost full to busting with sugar (Transparency Market Research, 2014). The lucrative nature of the energy drink market has proved seductive to countless manufactures; they employ sales tactics –e.g. elaborate packaging, imaginative advertising, etc. –to take advantage this cash crop (Transparency Market Research, 2014). It is also predicted that the energy drink market will soon target untouched segments of the market in order to further improve sales (Transparency Market Research, 2014). With major brands such as Red Bull dominatin g 30% of the market, energy beverages still remain a popular choice among the masses who are in need of a significant increase of energy (Transparency Market Research, 2014). The astounding benefits of energy drinks are somewhat marred by the development of research that criticizes and flags this beverage industry giant as being potentially lethal. New studies show that energy drink consumption can alter the rhythms of the heart (Lambert, 2014). A recent study at the University of Bonn in western Germany discovered that the left ventricle within the heart contracted harder after the consumption of an energy drink. Other critics and researchers have also attributed increases in â€Å"heart rate, blood pressure†¦body temperature,† and, â€Å"psychological effects such as anxiety and sleep disturbances† to energy beverages. (Lambert, 2014). With a modicum amount of research to belie the sanctity of the energy drink, it could prove to be severely detrimental to the human body over time. Hypothesis: The numerous disadvantages and detriments that exist within the energy drink will surpass the advantages that it provides. Research Questions: In what ways can energy drinks positively and negatively affect the health of 18-25 year old athletes? What are the implications for athletic institutions? Proposed Methodology Primary research will be enlisted to establish the usage and popularity of energy beverages amongst athletes that are between the ages of 18 and 25. Secondary research will also be employed to further assess pre-existing data on the advantages, detriments and implications for athletic institutions. Qualitative and quantitative research will also be utilised. Qualitative research will be gathered through questionnaires and surveys that procure and evaluate the usage and results of energy drinks. These findings will aim to provide figures and statistics that aid in cataloguing of the adverse and excellent influences that energy drinks have on the human body. Both types of research can then be used to triangulate final findings that are generalizable, and, stand in the fortitude of their validity. Supplementary data will also be collected from a group sample that will consist of fifteen to twenty athletes that reside in Preston, United Kingdom –this would ensure a decent amount of access to the participants. The sample of twenty athletes would include numerous countries –e.g. Sri Lanka, China, Nigeria, South Africa, United Kingdom, etc., –in order to ensure that data is collected from a diversified group of individuals. The sample size will remain relatively small due to the thorough nature of interviews and questionnaires that will be administered. The small amount of participants will also increase the feasibility and overall achievability of this experiment. References Aufiero, B. (2014).Why Do People Buy Energy Drinks? | LIVESTRONG.COM. [online] LIVESTRONG.COM. Available at: http://www.livestrong.com/article/423042-why-do-people-buy-energy-drinks/ [Accessed 16 Nov. 2014]. Breda, J., Whiting, S., Encarnaà §Ãƒ £o, R., Norberg, S., Jones, R., Reinap, M. and Jewell, J. (2014). Energy Drink Consumption in Europe: A Review of the Risks, Adverse Health Effects, and Policy Options to Respond.Frontiers in Public Health, [online] 2. Available at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00134/full#B20 [Accessed 16 Nov. 2014]. Engber, D. (2014).Who Made That Energy Drink?. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/08/magazine/who-made-that-energy-drink.html?_r=0 [Accessed 20 Nov. 2014]. Green, M. and Keegan, W. (2013).Global Marketing. 7th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Infiniti Research Limited, (2014).Global Energy Drink Market 2014-2018 13266 Sandler Research. [online] Sandlerresearch.org. Available at: http://www.sandlerresearch.org/global-energy-drink-market-2014-2018.html [Accessed 20 Nov. 2014]. Lambert, C. (2014).The energy drink craze thats putting young lives in danger. [online] Mail Online. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2552613/The-energy-drink-craze-thats-putting-young-lives-danger.html [Accessed 22 Nov. 2014]. Oxford Dictionaries, (2014).energy drink: definition of energy drink in Oxford dictionary (British World English). [online] Oxforddictionaries.com. Available at: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/energy-drink [Accessed 16 Nov. 2014]. Preceden, (2014).The History Of Energy Drinks Timeline | Preceden. [online] Preceden.com. Available at: http://www.preceden.com/timelines/66113-the-history-of-energy-drinks [Accessed 20 Nov. 2014]. Transparency Market Research, (2014).Energy Drinks Market Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Analysis And Forecasts 2012 2018. [online] Transparencymarketresearch.com. Available at: http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/energy-drinks-market.html [Accessed 20 Nov. 2014]. Zenith International, (2012).Global energy drinks market spurts ahead to $37 billion. [online] Zenithinternational.com. Available at: http://www.zenithinternational.com/articles/1012 [Accessed 20 Nov. 2014].

English Language Essay

English has emerged as the global language of trade and commerce in the past few decades, affecting many key aspects of business in the modern world. The English language has become the standard for all important official communications in an increasingly large number of countries with a wide variety of native languages. In the modern world, English continues to spread as the major medium through which both small businesses and large corporations do business. There are about 5,000 languages in the world today. Some have gained international status; some are developing; others are used in isolation in their region, community, or village; a few have gone extinct or have died (like Latin and Sanskrit). The number of users of the English language has grown by leaps and bounds. Second language and foreign language users are seen to exceed the number of native speakers.  · Worldwide more or less two billion people live in countries where English has official status.  · One out of five of the world’s population, speaks English with some degree of fluency.  · Over one billion had been seen in the year 2000 to continue their studies in English.  · As language of science and technology, English, the universal language, claims more or less 90% of all information in the world’s electronic retrieval systems being stored in English. English is used regularly by more than 350 million people scattered over the globe. It is the native or official language of one-fifth of the world. Of the languages of colonization it has been the one most important in Africa, Asia and the islands of the central and southern Pacific. The use of English is widespread in international trade, international scholarship, and scientific research. More than half of the world’s scientific and technical journals, as well as newspapers, are printed in English. Three-fourths of the world’s mail is in English. The Soviet Union and China use English in their propaganda broadcasts to the developing countries of Africa and Asia. English is the most widely-studied language in areas where it is not native. In Japan English is widely used in the upper grade level. In India, English is the alternate official language to Hindi. In the Philippines it is the common language or medium of communication of people speaking different languages. More or less 80% of Filipinos speak/understand English. Doing Business Worldwide English is a global language for doing business. In some industries, English is the official standard language. Therefore, an excellent command of English is required for key jobs. In addition, English has emerged as a major language for finance and the stock markets around the world. People wishing to do businesses globally need to have a good command of spoken English. The ability to clearly write in English is also of key importance, as many forms of business communication, from emails to presentations and marketing to important business contracts, are written in English. A CNN Report (CNN) Hiroshi Mikitani sees nothing wrong with the word, incorporating it easily into our discussion about Japan’s future. The internet entrepreneur and CEO of Rakuten Inc, Japan’s largest e-commerce site, intends to change his country from the inside out. â€Å"And Englishization is a part of it,† he says bluntly. With 6,000 employees and sales topping $3 billion a year, Mikitani intends Rakuten to keep growing into a global player. The goal: be as common a household name as Google in 10 years. The path to that goal, believes Mikitani, is to speak the global language of business, English. â€Å"English is the only global language. We’re doing a global business. I think this is the only way a Japanese service organization can become a global organization.† By 2012, Mikitani’s pledge is to make Rakuten an English-only corporation. All communication, verbal and email, would be sent not in Japanese, but in English. It’s a daunting task for a Japanese company headquartered in Tokyo. Last year’s Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) rankings showed Japanese test takers scored second worst in the East Asia region, below North Korea and Myanmar. Only Laos ranked lower than Japan. Honda’s CEO, Takanobu Ito, said publicly, â€Å"It’s stupid for a Japanese company to only use English in Japan when the workforce is mainly Japanese.† Mikitani doesn’t flinch at the criticism. In fact, he seems to relish it. â€Å"The nature of our business is totally different,† he says, pointing out Honda manufactures a hardware item and Rakuten deals with users on the internet. â€Å"If you want to become successful in other countries, you need to internationalize the headquarters.† Rakuten is expanding despite Japan’s macro-economic struggles. They are starting a Chinese version of Rakuten and purchasing ecommerce sites in the U.S. and France. â€Å"One thing I know, the definition of ‘country’ is going to change. Definition of ‘currency’ is going to change,† says Mikitani. â€Å"There is going to be less importance which country you’re operating from. And there’s going to be global competition, not local to local.† Mikitani is everything â€Å"Corporate Japan† is not: young, a risk-taker, outspoken and fluent in English. He started his company with a friend in 1997, using their own money. The two friends grew the business into the public corporation and powerhouse it is today. The 45 year old, energetic CEO says he is, at the core, utterly Japanese. But he disagrees with how corporate Japan and the policy makers have run the economy and country. Look at the aging demographics and the economy of Japan, says Mikitani, and the writing is on the wall for corporate Japan. Growth, he says, can only happen if Japanese companies go outside of the country for expansion and look for opportunities outside of Japan’s famously produced cars and electronics. â€Å"I felt (sic) those kind of ages is over. Now we need to really dramatically change the structure of economy of Japan and IT is going to be an extremely important part of it,† says Mikitani. â€Å"But none of the Japanese†¦ for example, politicians, truly understands from the bottom of the heart, how important that is.† Mikitani feels the two decades-long economic stagnation for Japan has fundamentally affected the country’s young, which spells trouble for the country’s future. â€Å"Japanese society, especially younger people, are so inward looking. They don’t even want to go to other countries. They want to stay here. They want to have a good life; they don’t want to be rich. They want to have a good day to day life. That’s it. And I think we need to be more sort of dynamic, outward looking,† he says. The solution, hopes Mikitani, will be found in concrete economic policy from Tokyo’s lawmakers and strong leadership from Japan’s companies. Japan can produce innovative, high quality ideas and products, says Mikitani, but the talent needs a direction. He remains positive about his country’s future, despite its problems. Rakuten means optimistic, he points out. â€Å"I think that in absolute terms, we [Japanese] are lagging. We are slowing down. I don’t think we need to be pessimistic, but our window is not so long.† An Indian Perspective English even after 36 years of independence occupies an important place in the social educational, administrative, scientific industrial and commercial life of the country. Ever since India became independent, the fortunes of English have seen many ups and downs. In accordance with the prevalent mood of hostility against everything foreign, English, considered only a foreign language, could not also escape the wrath of many people. It was decided to do away with it as early as possible. It was given a lease of fifteen years, and after that it was to be replaced by Hindi as the national and official language of the country. English was spoken and used by a micro-scopic minority of the people and they could not dominate the majority which spoke Hindi. Educationally also it was desirable to impart instruction in Hindi. Educationally also it was desirable to impart instruction in Hindi and other regional languages. Moreover, the continuance of English as the official language of the country was regarded as some sort of an affront to national honor. Did not every country have its own national and official, language, it was asked. There was much weight in all these arguments. But when the deadline, 1965, for the switch-over to Hindi came, there were unseemly controversies and riots in the country. The main opposition to Hindi came from the South. After long and tedious deliberations it was decided to continue English as an associate official language. The States were free to adopt their own languages and were to correspond with one another and the centre either in Hindi or English. Later the the three language formula was also devised. The general feeling is that Hindi as it develops and as people while learning it show, and are shown patience, will continue to gain in importance and will increasingly take over as many functions of English as possible. But along with the spread of Hindi, English will continue to be used in one way or another and it will play its due role in the nation. India is a land of many languages, cultures and religions. It is rich in variety and diversity, but there is a real danger that in the absence of a link language, its unity may just fall to bits. Considering the situation as it is today, English is the only language to discharge this important obligation. At the official level, the importance of English is obvious. It is the associate language of the Centre and most of its employees use it in official work. Since the States have adopted their regional languages for official business and many of them are averse to the use of Hindi, a virtual linguistic chaos would result if English were not used for inter-State communication. So in this sphere also, the importance of English is obvious. Interestingly, the state of Nagaland has English as its official language. In education too, the use of English cannot be dispensed with. Hindi and the regional languages, though they are developing and enjoy official patronage, are still inadequately equipped for imparting education, particularly at the university level. There is a general lack of standard text books and it may well take several decades before there is sufficient development of these languages. Again, English still enjoys a commanding position in science, technology, engineering, law, medicine, commerce, industry and the diplomatic services. It is virtually impossible to replace English in these disciplines by Hindi or any other Indian language. Considering then for a moment the absence of English from India, exchange of professors, doctors administrators, and students will cease. Research will slacken and there will be a steep decline in the quality of education. The efforts of the country to industrialize itself rapidly and to raise the standard of the masses will be seriously undermined. There will widespread disunity and this will jeopardize our freedom. So the role of English today for us is twofold. It knits the country and maintains equality and standard at all levels. Considering this important place of English, we Indians are today learning it in larger numbers than they ever did before. It is a world language and even in Russia, China etc., it is being learnt eagerly. In India those who oppose it seem to be a little prejudiced either for political reasons or because of some absurd sentimentality. Don’t they accept foreign goods, clothes and technical know-how? They do, because it is good and useful. Why then oppose English, simply because it is a foreign language? They should not forget that it was the knowledge of English that helped India gain freedom. The overall situation then appears to be this. English even after 36 years of independence occupies an important place in the social educational, administrative, scientific industrial and commercial life of the country. Those who know and support it need not despair. English will continue though it may occupy a secondary place to Hindi.

Understanding Free Argumentative Essay Topics

Understanding Free Argumentative Essay Topics It is possible to also find a variety of discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Order top-notch essay at this time and certified specialists will do their very best to supply you with higher quality at fair price. For instance, you wish to create a website for a web-based shop where the product that you wish to sell is a shari'i robe. Reading example essays works exactly the same way! Every American should learn how to speak Spanish. He should learn to speak English. Lies You've Been Told About Free Argumentative Essay Topics There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. After you settle on the subject and select the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. Even in the event that you seek for assistance from a specialist, make sure they speak abo ut something which will sound better while presenting your argument. You may trust us to give expert assistance for many of your academic writing needs. Lies You've Been Told About Free Argumentative Essay Topics Prior exposure or knowledge about a specific subject provides better hindsight which could bring much better arguments on the issue. The primary goal of writing an argumentative essay is to understand how to convince folks to modify their perception of things they strongly believe in. Anyway, below, it is possible to find topic that are best for both circumstances. Your reaction to a work of literature could be in the shape of an expository essay, for instance, if you choose to simply explain your individual reaction to a work. The Fight Against Free Argumentative Essay Topics There are lots of aspects about a sport which can be argued in an essay. Just comply with the guidelines stated above, and you're going to be well on your way to writing a decent persuasive ess ay. Then you're interested in figuring out how to compose persuasive paper. It will be simpler that you compose a very good persuasive essay if it's a subject in which you have knowledge. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper will help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. The significance of research in persuasive writing cannot be overstated. In many professional contexts, respectful argumentation is the thing that leads to the growth of new thoughts and perspectives. The aim of brainstorming is to assist you in getting ideas. The End of Free Argumentative Essay Topics Essays might be lightly modified for readability or to defend the anonymity of contributors, but we don't edit essay examples ahead of publication. Books ought never to be banned. Textbooks ought to be free. They are obsolete and should be replaced by iPads. It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering a notion that might be a huge deal to another person. You can also select an emotional topic. Deciding on an emotional topic is also a superb idea. There are a few great topics to take into consideration when de ciding on a topic for your argumentative essay. There are invariably a wide selection of opinions on the field of technology, and here are our favourite things to consider on the subject. Figure out which of the topics, you currently have a fairly good background on which will make it possible for you to have a relative edge. You have to try as much as possible to earn content that's simple but still has an interesting and distinctive impression. The above-mentioned topic selection may give you a very clear comprehension of what things to write about. You're an actual topic enthusiast! Evidently, you shouldn't purposely choose a topic that will bore your audience. Before selecting the subject, you have to be conscious of its reasons. Year round school isn't a good idea. The very first step is where a significant number of students become stuck. There are varying views on if a college education is necessary in order to have a thriving life. Since you can see, a lot of the topics listed are new and tackle the recent issues happening in the World today. Even if you think in a specific argument very strongly, if you lack the evidence to demonstrate your point, then your argument might just be as great as lost. A research paper is a sort of essay that demands the writer the topic for an argument paper has to be debatable and is frequently controversial. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most sig nificant matter to do is to select a topic and an argument you could really get behind. When you are requested to choose a great topic for your argument, start with something you're familiarized with. Introducing Free Argumentative Essay Topics Schools should not have a thing to do with ads. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. They should focus on subjects that they are already familiar with. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline.

Alternative Energy Solutions For Renewable Energy

With the ever increasing demand of fossil fuels, society has been faced with the problem of a quickly diminishing supply. We are scrambling for solutions in underdeveloped technology and overlooked industry. There is much debate on whether any alternative energy solutions are able to effectively replace fossil fuels. Even if they are, we are then faced with the problem of how renewable energy programs could be implemented and improved. There are many aspects of this debate to consider, including energy demand, financial support, and ecological factors. The push for alternative energies is essential and the need is eminent, therefore government subsidization should be made a greater priority in our nation. Over millions of years the fossilized remains of plants and animals have decayed and been stored in the form of petroleum, natural gas, or coal underground for our later extraction. This stored energy can then be burned to use as fuel (DOE 2008). Because these fuels take millions of years to form, the available supply is limited for our ever-progressing industrial society. Our usage is causing a lot of concern among the energy conscious all over the world due to the fact that many developed nations could not function without fossil fuels. The main solution to this problem goes by the name of â€Å"alternative†, â€Å"renewable†, or â€Å"clean† energy. This energy comes from sources apart from fossil fuels, this includes wind, solar, and geothermal among others (Utah 2013). TheseShow MoreRelatedAlexander Gibbs. Liberty Union High School1025 Words   |  5 Pages Alternative Energy Persuasive Essay Alexander Gibbs Liberty Union High School May 10, 2016 In today’s world, the topic of energy is dominated by one thing: ancient organic matter. Carbon and oxygen that existed in this matter when it was alive is still present and is released in the form of carbon dioxide when the coal and oil it was compressed into is burned. 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Alternative energy sources needed to be considered in order to maintain the economic activities of society without further depleting the natural resources. Besides theseRead MoreNo Amount Of Monetary Resources : A Transition Away From Fossil Fuels, And Towards Renewable Energy Essay1031 Words   |  5 Pagesfuels, and towards renewable energy is required. To achieve this goal, deep and fundamental institutional changes are necessary. The main institutional obstacle that is blocking a transition to renewable energy is the oil sector. This sector is no small obstacle because it has deep pockets, and it is deeply enveloped in every developed country in the world. 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Obesity Is The Highest Percentage Of Obesity Among All...

America has the highest percentage of obesity among all countries. This is not very surprising given that fast food restaurants can be found on nearly every block. These unhealthy foods are far less expensive and more convenient for many people. Though less people are paying less money for their food, the outcome is not worth it. According to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, it is predicted that the annual amount of money spent on obesity will hit $580 billion by 2030 if obesity continues to increase at this pace. The solution is to bring weekly farmers markets to low income areas. The products will be sold for the same price as the products sold at fast food restaurants. This solution would provide adequate nutrition to the families, and eventually decrease the amount of money spent on the obesity epidemic in the United States. The farmers market will also provide job opportunities for those who need to make some money. It will keep a stable source of nutritious foods each week and demonstrate a healthy way of life that children and adolescents will carry with them for the rest of their lives. It is very important that the bad habits of poor nutrition are stopped at an early age to limit one’s health problems. America is known for watching baseball games and eating hot dogs, absurd fried foods, and massive hamburgers that should be a serving for five, but is somehow acceptable as a serving for one. A list of the top eight unhealthiest foods in the world are all locatedShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Technology On The Obesity844 Words   |  4 Pagesquickest way to the information around us in all its types. However, new technology has also a side effect on us, and one of those side effects is the obesity that causes from the new tech. In the report â€Å"Waistlines of the World† shows the effectiveness of the technology on the obesity in the period 1988-2009 for 27 OECD countries. 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Underground Development Free Essays

The potential for urban underground development remains mostly unexploited and underestimated in urban areas. Several reasons account to this, including a lack of knowledge of the urban underground. Additionally, multiple uses of the underground are still out of the practice. We will write a custom essay sample on Underground Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since underground infrastructures have no surface expression, the underground lacks opportunities for building architecture, and consequently it suffers from a poor public perception; most people do not like to go underground. The result of this poor perception of the underground by public and professionals is that it remains mostly dedicated to utilities such as transportation, underground car parks or for storage. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS The subterranean environment is often perceived as a site of unforeseen threat, secrecy, and risk. The vision of solid ground beneath our feet is thought of an inter-tangled network of cavernous tubes, abandoned subway tunnels, graves, and infrastructural cavities that fills us with ambivalence and fear. One of the important potential hindering factors for underground space utilization is psychological aspects, and generally negative perception of these spaces. Many realized underground projects, namely subways, resulted in poor satisfaction of these psychological aspects Many of the problems associated with living in underground habitats are not only technological ones, but rather are related to the degree of social acceptance of the concept and to the individual’s perception of the underground space. Some of the issues facing humans above ground can be extrapolated and expected to have an impact, albeit to a higher degree of severity, while living underground. To name a few, claustrophobia, light sensitivity, general fatigue, eye fatigue, disturbance of circadian rhythms, insomnia, headaches, etc. These are just some of the potential ailments and stressors for which very little is known due to lack of experimental or real data. Functional aspects are the functional requirements for an underground, internal connections of the spaces and efficiency of movement. Psychological aspects are all aspects that are related to the user’s experience of a space beginning with public safety on one side and comfort on the other side. In this sense, one can talk about soft building qualities. Structural aspects include the overall quality of the construction including its flexibility and possibility to change. In other words, the main technical requirement of a structure is sustainability. A sustainable structure is a construction that allows greater spatial flexibility over a longer period of time and its infill is recyclable and reusable in the long run. For example, having an infill separable from the support structure increases the spatial flexibility by providing an option to place different functions. How to cite Underground Development, Papers

Public Health Policy on Childhood Obesity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Public Health Policy on Childhood Obesity. Answer: Public Health Policy on Childhood Obesity Obesity is a condition where fat has accumulated in excess in the body to the extent where it may have adverse effects on health. The National Institute of Health defines obesity more precisely as a Body Mass Index of 30 and above. Childhood obesity is accumulation of excess fat primarily in children. In the contemporary society, the number of cases of childhood obesity have risen to epidemic levees both in developed and developing countries (Abel, 2016). This is a matter of key concern since in childhood is known to have impact both psychological and physical wellbeing. According to Sun, Mensah, Azzopardi, Patton and Wake (2017), obesity in childhood is likely to persist in to adulthood and is known to increase the risk for non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases at a younger age. There are several factors that contribute to obesity. These include the environment one lives in, lifestyle preferences and even culture. Generally, excess intake of fat and/ or sugar is implicated in development of obesity. Extensive research suggests that a combination of the mentioned factors (excess caloric and fat intake) combined with decreased physical activity are the major contributors to obesity (Baum, 2016). In addition to affecting the physical and psychological wellbeing, childhood obesity could have profound effects on a childs social life, self-esteem and poor academic performance. This essay is going to discuss a health policy on childhood obesity, provide a brief description of the same, explain why the policy is important in health and outline the measures to be taken to enforce it. Description of the Policy The aim of the policy of the policy will be to reduce the number of childhood obesity cases given their potential detrimental effects to health. The policy contains three distinct measures whose implementation would see a decline in the cases of obesity in childhood. The three are explained next. First, is imposing an excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. The nutrient composition of sugar is almost 100% simple carbohydrates. Nutrition experts refer to such a food as containing empty calories, that is, their major contribution in the body is calories. Research has demonstrated that nutrient dense rather than energy dense foods contribute to healthier individuals. On the contrary, energy dense foods such as sugar sweetened beverages are known to be risk factors for obesity. Imposing an excise duty on these beverages would mean that their price will rise. Consequently, the purchasing power of consumers will be lower. The result is fewer purchases. Lower consumption would lead to reduced risk for developing obesity. There would also be a higher likelihood of consuming zero-calorie beverages which do not have significant caloric content as pose health risk. The second component of the policy is a ban on fast food television advertising targeting children. Most fast foods are energy dense. They contribute high caloric intake. The knowledge a person has about a certain product influences their attitude about it. Attitudes on the other hand influences practice. Advertisement on fast food is usually presented as attractive enticing to attract attention. Most children fall prey of the adverts contributing to purchase (Laws et al, 2015). When a ban is imposed on such adverts, children will no longer be exposed to them and potentially reduces purchase and consumption of fast foods. This is because, they will have little knowledge of such foods. Thirdly, the policy should require settings where children are mostly found to provide healthy foods and have an environment that promotes physical activity. These settings include schools, childrens sport facilities and child-care settings. A standard could be set for such settings to ensure that this is maintained. When the environment promotes a healthy diet and physical activity, the incidence of obesity lowers. Importance of the Policy to Health Obesity in childhood is one of the greatest t public health challenges faced in the 21st century. It is a global concern affecting children in all regions of the world especially the low and middle-income countries. The most affected areas are the urban settings. The prevalence of childhood obesity has risen at an alarming rate over the years. According to Ludwig (2018), over 41 million children below the age of five were obese in the year 2016. About half of these lived in Asia while one quarter lived in Africa. There are several factors that contribute to obesity and are generally categorized in to three. These are genetic factors, lack of physical activity and unhealthy eating patterns. This policy comes in handy to reduce the incidence of childhood obesity. This move can impact the health children positively in several ways. Several of these benefits are going be discussed next. First, is reduction in the number of childhood onset non-communicable diseases. Childhood obesity has been implicated in development of chronic illnesses among children (Shanahan et al, 2015). These diseases include type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some types of cancers. These diseases were traditionally known to affect adults but conditions such as obesity make them prevalent among children. When a child develops a chronic disease, chances are that the disease will persist to adulthood. The cost of managing the conditions can be high and most of a households oncome could be channelled to medical bills. To make the matters worse, this will happen for a lifetime. This policy potentially prevents such cases. It contributes to ensuring a healthy child and consequently a healthy adult via prevention of the non-communicable diseases. Secondly, is improved self-image and quality of life. Children with obesity usually have a low self-esteem and do not like how they look. An impaired self esteem significantly affects the quality of life. The child is likely to feel inferior to others and of little worth. This may result in isolation, and in some cases depression. This is double tragedy since in addition to having the obesity, the child has another psychological problem. According to Duckett and Willcox (2015), the society also tends to criticize obese people and treat obesity as personal choice. The general population assumes that obesity is a result of negligence or failure to eat healthy foods and physical exercise. The environment is full of criticism which may make a child feel like they dont belong to it. This further aggravates the psychological problem the child is undergoing. In some cases, especially near adolescent, the child may suffer from eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa (Cyr il, Polonsky, Green, Agho, and Renzaho, 2017). This further pose health problems. The policy again comes I handy to prevent obesity and in extension reducing the cases of the above mentioned psychological problems. The third potential health benefit is achievement of an increase in healthy eating patterns and improved physical activity. The body utilizes the nutrients from the food we eat for provision of energy, growth and repair and other important bodily functions. When the diet is healthy and contributes all the necessary nutrients, the body maintains optimum functioning (Huang et al, 2015). The policy further ensures that a standard will be set to ensure that the dietary needs of the children are put in to consideration. Children have their own unique needs. In addition to promoting intake of healthy foods, the policy also ensures physical activity. Physical activity and fitness has numerous health advantages to a child. For instance, it is associated with a lower risk to non-communicable disease, improved immunity and improved performance in class. The fourth way in which the policy is important to health is through protecting the child from manipulation by food processing companies whose main motive is profit with little interest in health implications. Most food industries make foods that will be appealing to the customers to make more sales (Jenson and Fraser, 2015). For a food to be appealing it should stimulate the appetite of the consumer. Sugar and fat are some of the most ingredients that improve the palatability of a food leading to stimulation of appetite. These foods (mostly fast food) are also ready to eat and therefore the easier alternative when hungry. The manufacturers have also mastered the art of how to entice children to take these foods via massive investment in advertising. The advertisement usually represents the food as very appealing and attractive capturing childrens attention. The result is that children will demand the food. Unknowing parents may buy their children these foods out of love and care. Li ttle do they know that continued consumption has negative health consequences in the long run. To prevent deterioration of health via consumption of fast foods (are not nutrient dense), the policy seeks to ban advertisement of such food particularly those that target children. The fifth and final way through which the policy contributes to healthier individuals is via reduced intake of sugar sweetened beverages. Such beverages have very high caloric content. Since they are sweet, a child will be tempted to drink more. Most manufacturers also contribute to excessive consumption by making larger quantities of the drink cheaper. As Sabin and Kiess (2015) observes, consumption of high number of calories lead to accumulation of fat in the childs body which eventually may cause obesity. The policy comes in handy to prevent such cases. Imposing an excise tax on these beverages will reduce the purchasing power of consumers and potentially lead to lower consumption. There is also a likelihood to turn to zero calorie drinks which also sweet but do not significantly contribute to calories. In the long run, this move will see healthy children who will develop to healthy adults. Implementation of the Policy The main aim of the policy is to achieve reduction in the incidence of childhood obesity. Consequently, children become healthier. It is said that if a policy or law remains written on paper and nothing is done to enforce it, then the law is useless. It is analogous to using a toothless dog for security and expecting maximum protection. It is paradoxical. Therefore, for the aim of the policy to be achieved, it must be enforced. The next few paragraphs discuss some of the ways through which this policy can be enforced. One is making legislation requiring taxation of sugar sweetened beverages. The principal target of such legislation should be discouraging the use of sugar. Health impacts of excessive sugar consumption have been explained above hence the need for such a law. The legislation could further make things better by also imposing tax on any amount of added sugar in food. For instance, a tax of 25% of the price could be imposed on the total amount of sugar added to the beverage or any food. The goal would be to discourage use of excess sugar in food products. Such a move would leave the manufactures with no choice but either increase the prices or reduce the amount of sugar used in the products. Either of these would lead to decreased consumption of sugar, which is an advantage when it comes to health. The legislation can also include taxation on food ingredients that contribute to obesity such as saturated fat. To promote consumption of healthy foods, the legislation can offer incentives o n healthy foods. This way, obesity could be potentially eradicated in the long run. The second method educating both children and their care givers on the importance of healthy lifestyles and the implications of childhood obesity. Most children and parents/caregivers are unaware of the implications that the lifestyle they lead have on their health (Brownell and Walsh, 2017). When information is provided to them via education, they become empowered and could adopt healthier lifestyles. Offering such education could be done through various means. Some of these means are going to be discussed next. One is through the television. This is a great avenue to reach children and their caregivers since it has a wide coverage. Measures should be put in place to ensure that only information that is factual is provided via such media. The tragedy is that most of such media propagate nutrition information as a mixture of truths, half truths and gossip. When measures are put in place to ensure that only scientifically sound information is provided, a paradigm shift could be attain ed in terms of improved dietary and health behaviour. The result is healthie children and reduced cases of childhood obesity. The other media platforms that such information can be provided is the print and electronic media. Using a variety of media ensures wide coverage. Another way to ensure this policy is making it mandatory that children be taught about the causes, consequences and strategies to prevent childhood obesity in schools. When a child is taught about the negative health consequences, they are likely to make better food and lifestyle choices from childhood and all the way into their adulthood (Hayes, Chevalier, D'Souza, Baur, Wen and Simpson, 2016). The teaching should ensure that children understand that obesity in childhood could persist to adulthood and provide prevention strategies. Including these studies in their curriculum would make them equipped to make better and healthier lifestyle choices. Consequently, the cases of childhood obesity decline. The last measure to be discussed will be making legislation requiring that systems where children are mostly found provide healthy foods. These systems include schools and childrens sports facilities. In addition to ensuring that healthy foods are offered, the legislation should require that such environments favour physical activity. Such legislation could set a standard indicating the class of nutrients that foods offered must provide. The legislation could also set the minimum sporting and gaming activities a school should support for it to be licenced. For instance, it could be required that each school possess a playground to ensure physical fitness of students. When the measures mentioned above are put in to place, the affected parties have no choice but to comply with the legislation. The result is healthier eating habits, increased levels of physical activity and reduced incidence of childhood obesity. Conclusion In conclusion, there has been a great rise in the cases of childhood obesity in the last few years. Obesity is accumulation of excess fat in the body and has been implicated in several health problems. Childhood obesity increases the risk for developing non-communicable diseases such as diabetes type 2. In addition, it could deteriorate the psychological and social wellbeing of a child. The main causative factors of obesity are divided into 3. These are genetic, environmental and food related factors. The cases of childhood of obesity reached over 41 million in the year 2016 and the number is projected to increase. For this reason, it is an issue of great public health concern. A policy could be put in to place to ensure that the cases decline and achieve healthier children. This policy should require a tax be imposed on sugar added beverages to discourage their consumption; impose a ban on all television advertisement relating to fast foods and targeting children and require that he althy foods be provided in systems where children are mostly found. In addition, such systems which include schools should have environments that encourage physical activity. To implement this policy, a few measures could be put in place. These include: making legislation requiring taxation on sugar added to beverages or even other foods; carrying out education campaigns via the various media platforms such as electronic and print media; introducing teaching of causes, consequences and prevention of obesity to children in schools and making legislation requiring institutions where children are found to provide healthy foods. References Abel-Smith, B. (2016).An introduction to health: policy, planning and financing. Routledge. GThe new public health(No. Ed. 4). Oxford University Press. Brownell, K. D., Walsh, B. T. (Eds.). (2017).Eating disorders and obesity: A comprehensive handbook. Guilford Publications. Cyril, S., Polonsky, M., Green, J., Agho, K., Renzaho, A. (2017). Readiness of communities to engage with childhood obesity prevention initiatives in disadvantaged areas of Victoria, Australia.Australian Health Review,41(3), 297-307. Duckett, S., Willcox, S. (2015).The Australian health care system(No. Ed. 5). Oxford University Press. Hayes, A., Chevalier, A., D'Souza, M., Baur, L., Wen, L. M., Simpson, J. (2016). Early childhood obesity: Association with healthcare expenditure in Australia.Obesity,24(8), 1752-1758. Huang, T. T., Cawley, J. H., Ashe, M., Costa, S. A., Frerichs, L. M., Zwicker, L., ... Kumanyika, S. K. (2015). Mobilisation of public support for policy actions to prevent obesity.The Lancet,385(9985), 2422-2431. Jenson, J. M., Fraser, M. W. (Eds.). (2015).Social policy for children and families: A risk and resilience perspective. Sage Publications. Laws, R., Campbell, K. J., Pligt, P., Ball, K., Lynch, J., Russell, G., ... Denney-Wilson, E. (2015). Obesity prevention in early life: an opportunity to better support the role of Maternal and Child Health Nurses in Australia.BMC nursing,14(1), 26. Ludwig, D. S. (2018). Epidemic childhood obesity: Not yet the end of the beginning.Pediatrics, e20174078. Sabin, M. A., Kiess, W. (2015). Childhood obesity: current and novel approaches.Best practice research Clinical endocrinology metabolism,29(3), 327-338. Shanahan, D. F., Lin, B. B., Bush, R., Gaston, K. J., Dean, J. H., Barber, E., Fuller, R. A. (2015). Toward improved public health outcomes from urban nature.American Journal of Public Health,105(3), 470-477. Sun, Y., Mensah, F. K., Azzopardi, P., Patton, G. C., Wake, M. (2017). Childhood social disadvantage and pubertal timing: a national birth cohort from Australia.Pediatrics, e20164099.